2010年3月26日

[知識分享站] 沙塵暴來襲!先帶口罩再出門!

近年來因氣候環境的改變,極端氣候發生頻率增加,忽冷忽熱的天氣讓大家為了穿衣脫衣而大傷腦筋;最近沙塵暴的來襲,更讓大家趕快把因為預防H1N1而積存的口罩拿出來使用,以防被沙塵暴中的懸浮微粒引發呼吸道或心血管疾病。

根據行政院環保署成立的沙塵網站中的定義,沙塵暴是指因強風捲起大量地表沙塵,使能見度惡化的沙塵天氣,且因影響能見度的範圍而有不同的沙塵暴等級。而這種本來應該只在冬末、春季發生在沙漠和乾旱地區的惡劣天氣型態。由於內蒙地區沙漠化情形日益嚴重,以及全球氣候變遷導致乾旱、降雨分配不均等因素影響下,沙塵暴的發生頻率及強度都有增加之趨勢,因此自1995年3月台灣北部出現「紅泥雨」開始,研究發現沙塵暴對於台灣的影響也日漸增強。

對於一般民眾來說,由於沙塵暴帶來的空氣中懸浮微粒增加,造成空氣品質惡化,容易造成過敏性鼻炎,引發咳嗽、氣喘、眼睛不適、皮膚過敏、皮膚癢等症狀,對於患有呼吸道或心血管疾病的民眾會有明顯的影響。根據公共衛生資料庫「Global Health」收錄有關沙塵暴對人體健康與公共衛生影響的文獻顯示,除了造成空氣污染之外,最早於1994年的文獻中,作者就發現美國華盛頓州的醫院在沙塵暴來襲的期間,院內因呼吸道疾病而求診的民眾多出兩成(Hefflin, 1994)。最近在2008年時,台灣學者也發現在2000到2004年間的沙塵暴期間,醫院因呼吸道疾病求診的病患有明顯的增加(Lai, 2008))。而沙塵暴帶來的懸浮粒子與臭氧濃度的增加,在2008年哈佛大學長達10年的臨床研究也發現,沙塵暴對於心血管疾病患者的健康有顯著影響 (Middleton, 2008)。

不過,沙塵暴真的百害而無一利嘛?根據聯合報於3月24日的報導指出,在海洋大學長達三年的研究顯示,沙塵暴挾帶的大量浮塵微粒,含有豐沛的氮、磷等營養鹽,可以提高海洋浮游生物的光合作用效率,緩和暖化。至於沙塵暴是否同樣狹帶了環境賀爾蒙、重金屬等汙染物質,對於海洋食物鏈是否造成衝擊影響,則已在著手調查研究中。(http://udn.com/NEWS/NATIONAL/NATS2/5494135.shtml)

不過,沙塵暴對於陸地上的我們來說,對於健康上的威脅依然存在。因此,在目前尚無法有效防治沙塵暴的狀況下,大家還是記得盡量別出門,如果要出門還是帶上口罩,以維護自己的健康呀!

推薦參考文獻:
Global Health中關於沙塵暴與呼吸道疾病相關的查詢結果:
  1.  Ahmadi, H., & Jelodar, Z. J. (2004). Effect of combat to desertification projects on socio-economic situation of Kerman City. BIABAN, 9(2), 207-225.
  2. Chan, C., Chuang, K., Chen, W., Chang, W., Lee, C., & Peng, C. (2008). Increasing cardiopulmonary emergency visits by long-range transported Asian dust storms in Taiwan. Environmental Research, 106(3), 393-400.
  3. Chang, C., Lee, I., Tsai, S., & Yang, C. (2006). Correlation of Asian dust storm events with daily clinic visits for allergic rhinitis in Taipei, Taiwan. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, 2006. 69(3/4), 229-235.
  4. Chen, Y., Sheen, P., Chen, E., Liu, Y., Wu, T., & Yang, C. (2004). Effects of Asian dust storm events on daily mortality in Taipei, Taiwan. Environmental Research, 95(2), 151-155.
  5. Cheng, M., Ho, S., Chiu, H., Wu, T., Chen, P., & Yang, C. (2008). Consequences of exposure to Asian dust storm events on daily pneumonia hospital admissions in Taipei, Taiwan. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, 2008. 71(19), 1295-1299.
  6. Hefflin, B. J., Jalaludin, B., McClure, E., Cobb, N., Johnson, C. A., Jecha, L., et al. (1994). Surveillance for dust storms and respiratory diseases in Washington State, 1991. Archives of Environmental Health, 49(3), 170-174.
  7. Kelsall, H. L., Sim, M. R., Forbes, A. B., McKenzie, D. P., Glass, D. C., Ikin, J. F., et al. (2004). Respiratory health status of Australian veterans of the 1991 Gulf War and the effects of exposure to oil fire smoke and dust storms. Thorax, 59(10), 897-903.
  8. Lai, L., & Cheng, W. (2008). The impact of air quality on respiratory admissions during Asian dust storm periods. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 18(6), 429-450.
  9. Meng, Z., & Lu, B. (2007). Dust events as a risk factor for daily hospitalization for respiratory and cardiovascular diseases in Minqin, China. Atmospheric Environment, 41(33), 7048-7058.
  10. Meng, Z., Zhang, J., Geng, H., Lu, B., & Zhang, Q. (2007). The influence of dust storms on daily respiratory and circulatory outpatient number. China Environmental Science, 27(1), 116-120.
  11. Middleton, N., Yiallouros, P., Kleanthous, S., Kolokotroni, O., Schwartz, J., Dockery, D. W., et al. (2008). A 10-year time-series analysis of respiratory and cardiovascular morbidity in Nicosia, Cyprus: the effect of short-term changes in air pollution and dust storms. Environmental Health, 7(39), (22 July 2008).
  12. Prospero, J. M., Blades, E., Naidu, R., Mathison, G., Thani, H., & Lavoie, M. C. (2008). Relationship between African dust carried in the Atlantic trade winds and surges in pediatric asthma attendances in the Caribbean. International Journal of Biometeorology, 52(8), 823-832.
Global Health中關於沙塵暴與心血管疾病相關的查詢結果:
  1. Chan, C., Chuang, K., Chen, W., Chang, W., Lee, C., & Peng, C. (2008). Increasing cardiopulmonary emergency visits by long-range transported Asian dust storms in Taiwan. Environmental Research, 106(3), 393-400.
  2. Chen, Y., & Yang, C. (2005). Effects of Asian dust storm events on daily hospital admissions for cardiovascular disease in Taipei, Taiwan. (Special issue: Overview of research activities of the toxicology and environmental health communities of Taiwan.). Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, 2005. 68(17/18), 1457-1464.
  3. Meng, Z., & Lu, B. (2007). Dust events as a risk factor for daily hospitalization for respiratory and cardiovascular diseases in Minqin, China. Atmospheric Environment, 41(33), 7048-7058.
  4. Middleton, N., Yiallouros, P., Kleanthous, S., Kolokotroni, O., Schwartz, J., Dockery, D. W., et al. (2008). A 10-year time-series analysis of respiratory and cardiovascular morbidity in Nicosia, Cyprus: the effect of short-term changes in air pollution and dust storms. Environmental Health, 7(39), (22 July 2008).
  5. Ueng, T., Yang, C., & Kuo, M. (2005). Overview of research activities of the toxicology and environmental health communities of Taiwan. (Special issue: Overview of research activities of the toxicology and environmental health communities of Taiwan.). [Journal issue]. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, 2005. 68(17/18), 1445-1597.
  6. Yang, C., Chen, Y., Chiu, H., & Goggins, W. B. (2005). Effects of Asian dust storm events on daily stroke admissions in Taipei, Taiwan. Environmental Research, 99(1), 79-84.
  7. Yang, C., Cheng, M., & Chen, C. (2009). Effects of Asian dust storm events on hospital admissions for congestive heart failure in Taipei, Taiwan. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, 2009. 72(5), 324-328.
CAB Abstracts中有關沙塵暴與浮游生物的相關文獻
  1. Breuning-Madsen, H., & Awadzi, T. W. (2005). Harmattan dust deposition and particle size in Ghana. Catena, 63(1), 23-38.
  2. Pulido-Villena, E., Reche, I., & Morales-Baquero, R. (2008). Evidence of an atmospheric forcing on bacterioplankton and phytoplankton dynamics in a high mountain lake. Aquatic Sciences, 70(1), 1-9.
  3. Yang, D., Wu, J., Chen, S., & Lu, Q. (2007). The teleconnection between marine silicon supply and desertification in China. [Journal Article]. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 25(1), 116-122.
關於Global Health
Global Health 從125個國家所出版,包括年度報告、政府報告、專書、手冊、年鑑、研討會論文、新聞、論文、技術報告、期刊中收錄囊括傳染病學和熱帶病學(包括寄生蟲學、真菌學及傳染媒介學)、流行病學、生物統計學、生命科學、生物醫學、生物恐怖主義、性與生育保健、疾病預防、監測與控制、食品安全與衛生學、勞工保健與職業醫學、公共衛生學及營養學、毒理學、婦女健康等與公共衛生相關的主題資訊。是研究人員、民間組織、公共政策決策者、臨床醫療人員、保健專業人員等作為學術研究或臨床實務運用的全球公共衛生文獻資料庫;可補充並加強在現有的生命科學及健康保健資料庫中無法得到的寶貴資訊。

在Global Health有40%以上的資料為獨家收錄,搭配MEDLINE、EBMR等醫療保健領域的資料庫,加強在人類營養保健與公共衛生、傳染病媒介防治以及醫用植物學等領域的資訊;使用AMED、 HMIC、BNI及AGRICOLA作為生命科學研究的讀者更可以透過Global Health來擴充資訊的獲得來源。

參考資料來源:行政院環保署沙塵網站

沒有留言:

張貼留言