2009年8月28日

[知識分享站] 八八水災特稿（二）：預防創傷後壓力症候群－建立災民抒發壓力的管道

據報載，在八八水災中因遭遇親人生離死別與家園全毀的創痛，已有不少災民產生行為怪異或情緒低落的症狀，譬如原本活潑好動的小女孩開始不斷啼哭而表情一直驚惶不安，有很多災民一直無法入睡或情緒一直低落，這些都可能是創傷後壓力症候群的徵兆。

創傷後壓力症候群（Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder）是近幾年來為大家廣泛注意的精神疾病之一。主要也是因為近年天災不斷，如集集921大地震、美國卡翠娜颶風、南亞大海嘯以及這次的八八水災，從歷年來的經驗發現儘管這些災難的倖存者身體可能復原了，但是心理的壓力和創傷卻影響更大。以天災與創傷後症候群為主要關鍵字，搜索心理學專業資料庫(PsycINFO)從2007年至今收錄的相關文獻資料如下：



  1. Assanangkornchai, S., Tangboonngam, S.-n., Sam-angsri, N., & Edwards, J. (2007). A Thai community's anniversary reaction to a major catastrophe. Stress and Health: Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress, 23(1), 43-50.
  2. Basoglu, M., Salcioglu, E., & Livanou, M. (2007). A randomized controlled study of single-session behavioural treatment of earthquake-related post-traumatic stress disorder using an earthquake simulator. Psychological Medicine, 37(2), 203-213.
  3. Basoglu, M., Salcioglu, E., & Livanou, M. (2009). Single-case experimental studies of a self-help manual for traumatic stress in earthquake survivors. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 40(1), 50-58.
  4. Bhushan, B., & Kumar, J. (2009). Emotional distress and posttraumatic stress in children: The impact of direct versus indirect exposure. Journal of Loss & Trauma, 14(1), 35-45.
  5. Bokszczanin, A. (2008). Parental support, family conflict, and overprotectiveness: Predicting PTSD symptom levels of adolescents 28 months after a natural disaster. Anxiety, Stress & Coping: An International Journal, 21(4), 325-335.
  6. Chen, C.-H., Tan, H. K.-L., Liao, L.-R., Chen, H.-H., Chan, C.-C., Cheng, J.-J.-S., et al. (2007). Long-term psychological outcome of 1999 Taiwan earthquake survivors: A survey of high-risk sample with property damage. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 48(3), 269-275.
  7. Chou, F. H.-C., Wu, H.-C., Chou, P., Su, C.-Y., Tsai, K.-Y., Chao, S.-S., et al. (2007). Epidemiologic psychiatric studies on post-disaster impact among Chi-Chi earthquake survivors in Yu-Chi, Taiwan. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 61(4), 370-378.
  8. Cohen, J. A., Jaycox, L. H., Walker, D. W., Mannarino, A. P., Langley, A. K., & DuClos, J. L. (2009). Treating traumatized children after Hurricane Katrina: Project Fleur-de lisTM. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 12(1), 55-64.
  9. Eksi, A., & Braun, K. L. (2009). Over-time changes in PTSD and depression among children surviving the 1999 Istanbul earthquake. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 18(6), 384-391.
  10. Eksi, A., Braun, K. L., Ertem-Vehid, H., Peykerli, G., Saydam, R., Toparlak, D., et al. (2007). Risk factors for the development of PTSD and depression among child and adolescent victims following a 7.4 magnitude earthquake. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 11(3), 190-199.
  11. Fernandez, I. (2007). EMDR as treatment of post-traumatic reactions: A field study on child victims of an earthquake. Educational and Child Psychology, 24(1), 65-72.
  12. Goenjian, A. K., Walling, D., Steinberg, A. M., Roussos, A., Goenjian, H. A., & Pynoos, R. S. (2009). Depression and PTSD symptoms among bereaved adolescents 6 1/2 years after the 1988 Spitak earthquake. Journal of Affective Disorders, 112(1-3), 81-84.
  13. Hollifield, M., Hewage, C., Gunawardena, C. N., Kodituwakku, P., Bopagoda, K., & Weerarathnege, K. (2008). Symptoms and coping in Sri Lanka 20-21 months after the 2004 tsunami. British Journal of Psychiatry, 192(1), 39-44.
  14. Hunt, M., Al-Awadi, H., & Johnson, M. (2008). Psychological sequelae of pet loss following Hurricane Katrina. Anthrozoos, 21(2), 109-121.
  15. La Greca, A. M. (2008). Interventions for posttraumatic stress in children and adolescents following natural disasters and acts of terrorism. In R. G. Steele, T. D. Elkin & M. C. Roberts (Eds.), Handbook of evidence-based therapies for children and adolescents: Bridging science and practice (pp. 121-141). New York, NY: Springer Science + Business Media.
  16. Lee, C.-S., Chang, J.-C., Liu, C.-Y., Chang, C.-J., Chen, T. H., Chen, C.-H., et al. (2009). Acculturation, psychiatric comorbidity and posttraumatic stress disorder in a Taiwanese aboriginal population. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 44(1), 55-62.
  17. Mitchell, M. J., Witman, M., & Taffaro, C. (2008). Reestablishing mental health services in St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana, following Hurricane Katrina. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 39(1), 66-76.
  18. Neria, Y., Nandi, A., & Galea, S. (2008). Post-traumatic stress disorder following disasters: A systematic review. Psychological Medicine, 38(4), 467-480.
  19. Polusny, M. A., Ries, B. J., Schultz, J. R., Calhoun, P., Clemensen, L., & Johnsen, I. R. (2008). PTSD symptom clusters associated with physical health and health care utilization in rural primary care patients exposed to natural disaster. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 21(1), 75-82.
  20. Rowe, C. L., & Liddle, H. A. (2008). When the levee breaks: Treating adolescents and families in the aftermath of hurricane Katrina. Journal of Marital & Family Therapy, 34(2), 132-148.
  21. Salcioglu, E., Basoglu, M., & Livanou, M. (2007). Effects of live exposure on symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder: The role of reduced behavioral avoidance in improvement. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(10), 2268-2279.
  22. Udomratn, P. (2008). Mental health and the psychosocial consequences of natural disasters in Asia. International Review of Psychiatry, 20(5), 441-444.
  23. Weidmann, A., Fehm, L., & Fydrich, T. (2008). Covering the tsunami disaster: Subsequent post-traumatic and depressive symptoms and associated social factors. Stress and Health: Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress, 24(2), 129-135.
  24. West, C., Bernard, B., Mueller, C., Kitt, M., Driscoll, R., & Tak, S. (2008). Mental health outcomes in police personnel after Hurricane Katrina. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 50(6), 689-695.
  25. Wickrama, K. (2008). Family context of mental health risk in Tsunami affected mothers: Findings from a pilot study in Sri Lanka. Social Science & Medicine, 66(4), 994-1007.
  26. Wickrama, K., & Kaspar, V. (2007). Family context of mental health risk in Tsunami-exposed adolescents: Findings from a pilot study in Sri Lanka. Social Science & Medicine, 64(3), 713-723.
  27. Zhang, B., Zhang, F.-G., & Wang, L.-P. (2008). A cross-sectional study on the current prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder in adults orphaned by Tangshan earthquake in 1976. Chinese Mental Health Journal, 22(6), 469-473.


在921震災後，台灣的精神醫療系統對於災後的精神醫療與心靈復健有了很多的經驗，在這次災難後更是快速的動員進入災區進行相關的醫療與復健動作，以中華民國臨床心理師公會全國聯合會網站上建立「八八水災心理重建檔案下載」專區，提供當地的心理師、志工或相關專業人員可以有充足的資源可以利用。也期望在早期的心理復健介入之下，災民可以儘早恢復，全國一同投入災後重建工作！
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